<html><head><meta name="color-scheme" content="light dark"></head><body><pre style="word-wrap: break-word; white-space: pre-wrap;">%% CSPLAIN.TEX  Listing of commonly used control sequences
%% of Plain TeX.
%% 1/88 Ashley Plank (plank@zeus.usq.edu.au)
%% Page references:  ``The TeXBook'' (1984)
%%
% Hebrew cs additions by Rama -- March 10, 1992.
%
\special{landscape} \font\Jer=Jerusalem
\hsize=9.5truein\vsize=6.27truein
\def\today{\number\day\space\ifcase\month\or
January\or February\or March\or April\or May\or June\or 
July\or August\or September\or October\or November\or
December\fi
\space\number\year}
\footline={\phantom{\rm\today}\hfil\rm\folio\hfil\rm\today}
%
\let\nb=\nobreak
\let\q\quad  \let\qq\qquad
\def\bn{\bigbreak\noindent} \def\mn{\medbreak\noindent} \def\sn{\smallbreak\noindent}
\def\bs{{\char'134}}
\def\bs{{\char'134}}  \def\ec{{\char"21}}
\def\dol{{\char"24}}  \def\ddol{{\dol\dol}}
\def\lb{{\char"7B}} \def\rb{{\char"7D}}
\def\sb{{\char"5F}} \def\sp{{\char"5E}}
\def\hash{{\char"23}}
\font\sc=cmcsc10
\font\rmb=cmbx12
\font\ss=cmss10 at 11pt

\centerline{\hfill\rmb Some control sequences of Plain \TeX\hfill\rm Page references: The TeXbook}
\vskip0.8truecm
\leftline{\sc A.~~Text mode}
\mn
\item{(i)} Document formatting:
\sn
\settabs\+\indent&amp;\tt\hskip5.5truecm&amp;\cr
\+&amp;\tt\bs hsize=4.5in&amp;Printed page width set at 4.5 inches\cr
\+&amp;\tt\bs vsize=20cm&amp;Printed page length set at 20 cm\cr
\+&amp;\tt\bs hoffset=25pt&amp;Printed page offset 25 points to the right\cr
\+&amp;\tt\bs voffset=2pc&amp;Printed page offset 2 picas downwards\cr
\+&amp;\tt\bs magnification=1200&amp;Whole document (all dimensions and fonts) magnified
 by the factor 1.2\cr
\+&amp;&amp;{\it Note}: Any dimension prefixed by {\tt true} (eg. {\tt\bs hsize=4.5truein}) is not affected
by magnification\cr
\+&amp;\tt\bs baselineskip=1pc&amp;Line spacing set at 1 pica\cr
\+&amp;\tt\bs parskip=3pt&amp;Extra vertical space of 3 points inserted between paragraphs\cr
\+&amp;\tt\bs parindent=1in&amp;Paragraph indentation set at 1 inch\cr
\+&amp;\tt\bs pageno=4&amp;Pages will be numbered at bottom centre starting with `4'\cr
\+&amp;\tt\bs nopagenumbers&amp;Refrain from inserting numbers at the bottom of each page\cr
\+&amp;\tt\bs headline&amp;Control over space at top of each page---see page 252\cr
\+&amp;\tt\bs footline&amp;Control over space at bottom of each page---see page 252\cr
\+&amp;\tt\bs tolerance=2000&amp;Controls the allowable flexibility in word spacing---see page 29\cr
\mn
\item{(ii)} Fonts:\nb
\sn
\+&amp;\tt\bs rm&amp;Switch to computer modern roman at 10 point size (cmr10)---the default font\cr
\+&amp;\tt\bs it&amp;\it Switch to computer modern italic at 10 point size (cmti10)\cr
\+&amp;\tt\bs bf&amp;\bf Switch to computer modern bold at 10 point size (cmb10)\cr
\+&amp;\tt\bs sl&amp;\sl Switch to computer modern slant at 10 point size (cmsl10)\cr
\+&amp;\tt\bs tt&amp;\tt Switch to computer modern typewriter at 10 point size (cmtt10)
\cr
\+&amp;\tt\bs font\bs ss=cmss10 at 11pt&amp;{\tt\bs ss}\ss\ will now cause a switch to
10 point computer modern sans serif magnified to 11 point size\cr
\+&amp;&amp;{\it Note}: Many other fonts, which need to be declared like {\tt cmss10}, are available\cr
\mn
\item{(iii)} Horizontal spacing:\nb
\sn
\+&amp;\tt\bs\char"20&amp;Produces a single space (like between these words)\cr
\+&amp;\tt\char"7E ~ \rm(i.e. a tilde)&amp;Produces a single space at which a line break cannot occur (a `tie')\cr
\+&amp;\tt\bs thinspace&amp;Produces a space of this\thinspace much (Equivalent to {\tt\bs,} in mathematics mode)\cr
\+&amp;\tt\bs negthinspace&amp;Produces this\negthinspace much space (Equivalent to {\tt
\bs!} in mathematics mode)\cr
\+&amp;\tt\bs enskip&amp;Produces a 0.5$\,$em space---this\enskip much (1.0$\,$em = 10 pt in {\tt\bs rm\/} font)\cr
\+&amp;\tt\bs quad&amp;Produces a 1.0$\,$em space---this\quad much\cr
\+&amp;\tt\bs qquad&amp;Two `quads'---this\qquad much\cr
\+&amp;\tt\bs hskip2.2cm&amp;Produces a 2.2$\,$cm horizontal space\cr
\mn
\item{(iv)} Vertical spacing:\nb
\sn
\+&amp;\tt\bs smallskip&amp;Insert a little {\it extra\/} vertical space (about 3pt) between paragraphs.
This much~~~$\vcenter{\hrule width1truecm height0.4truept \smallskip
\hrule width1truecm height0.4truept}$\cr
\+&amp;\tt\bs medskip&amp;Two `smallskips'.  This much~~~$\vcenter{\hrule width1truecm height0.4truept \medskip
\hrule width1truecm height0.4truept}$\cr
\+&amp;\tt\bs bigskip&amp;Two `medskips'.  This much~~~$\vcenter{\hrule width1truecm height0.4truept \bigskip
\hrule width1truecm height0.4truept}$\cr
\+&amp;\tt\bs vskip12mm&amp;Insert an extra vertical space of 12$\,$mm between paragraphs\cr
\mn
\item{(v)} Local control:\nb
\sn
\+&amp;\tt\bs par&amp;Start a new paragraph  (A double carriage return can also be used)
\cr
\+&amp;\tt\bs noindent&amp;Don't indent this new paragraph\cr
\+&amp;\tt\bs centerline\lb Heading\rb&amp;Centre `Heading' on a new line and starts a new paragraph\cr
\+&amp;\tt\bs leftline\lb Heading\rb&amp;Put `Heading' at left end of a new line and starts a new paragraph\cr
\+&amp;\tt\bs rightline\lb Heading\rb&amp;Put `Heading' at right end of a new line and starts a new paragraph\cr
\+&amp;\tt\bs line\lb\dots\rb&amp;Spread \dots to fill a whole line and start a new paragraph---see page 72\cr
\+&amp;\tt\bs item\lb(a)\rb&amp;Start a `paragraph' labelled `(a)' in which every line is indented---used for itemized lists\cr
\+&amp;\tt\bs itemitem\lb(i)\rb&amp;Start a `paragraph' labelled `(i)' in which every line is doubly-indented---used
for itemized lists within lists\cr
\+&amp;\tt\bs hfil\bs break&amp;Start a new line (but not a new paragraph)\cr
\+&amp;\tt\bs vfil\bs eject&amp;Start a new page and a new paragraph\cr
\+&amp;\tt\bs nobreak&amp;Inhibit line or page break\cr
\+&amp;\tt\bs smallbreak&amp;Suitable place for a page break---insert a `smallskip' if no break\cr
\+&amp;\tt\bs medbreak&amp;Suitable place for a page break---insert a `medskip' if no break\cr
\+&amp;\tt\bs bigbreak&amp;Suitable place for a page break---insert a `bigskip' if no break\cr
\+&amp;\tt\bs goodbreak&amp;Start a new paragraph and encourage a page break here\cr
\+&amp;\tt\bs filbreak&amp;See page 111\cr
\+&amp;\tt\bs leftskip=-2mm&amp;Causes the left end of all the lines of a paragraph to be indented by $-2\,$mm\cr
\+&amp;\tt\bs rightskip=5pt&amp;Causes the right end of all the lines of a paragraph to
be indented by 5$\,$points\cr
\+&amp;\tt\bs narrower&amp;Causes all lines of a paragraph to be indented at the left and right ends\cr
\+&amp;\tt\bs obeylines&amp;Causes a carriage return to start a new line (``poetry mode'')\cr
\+&amp;\tt\bs raggedright&amp;Right margin justification turned off\cr
\+&amp;\tt\bs parshape&amp;Controls the shape of a paragraph---see page 101\cr
\+&amp;\tt\bs settabs&amp;Presets tab stops across page---see page 231\cr
\+&amp;\tt\bs frenchspacing&amp;Make all between-word spaces the same regardless of punctuation\cr
\+&amp;\tt\bs nonfrenchspacing&amp;Turn off frenchspacing (the default)\cr
\+&amp;\tt\bs bye&amp;The usual way to end a \TeX\ file ({\tt\bs bye $\equiv$ \bs vfill\bs eject\bs end})\cr
\mn
\item{(vi)} Printing reserved symbols:\nb
\sn
\+&amp;\tt\bs\char"23&amp;Produces a \#~~~({\tt\char"23} is used in defining macros)\cr
\+&amp;\tt\bs\char"25&amp;Produces a \%~~~({\tt\char"25} is the comment character)\cr
\+&amp;\tt\bs\dol&amp;Produces a \$~~~ ({\tt\dol} controls maths mode)\cr
\+&amp;\tt\bs\char"26&amp;Produces a \&amp;~~({\tt\char"26} is used for alignment)\cr
\+&amp;\tt\bs\char"5F&amp;Produces a \_~~~({\tt\char"5F} is used for subscripting)\cr
\+&amp;\tt\dol\bs\char"7B\dol&amp;Produces a $\{$~~~(Mathematics mode is necessary) ({\tt
\char"7B} is used for grouping)\cr
\+&amp;\tt\dol\bs\char"7D\dol&amp;Produces a $\}$~~~(Mathematics mode is necessary) ({\tt
\char"7D} is used for grouping)\cr
\+&amp;\tt\dol\bs backslash\dol&amp;Produces a $\backslash$~~~(Mathematics mode is necessary) ({\tt\bs} begins a control sequence)\cr
\mn
\item{(vii)} Other (text) features:\nb
\sn
\+&amp;\tt\bs underbar\lb important\rb&amp;Produces \underbar{important}
(Note underlining is seldom, if ever, used in good type-setting)\cr
\+&amp;\tt\bs footnote&amp;Insert a footnote---see page 116\cr
\+&amp;\tt\bs topinsert\dots\bs endinsert&amp;Insert \dots at top of first available page\cr
\+&amp;\tt\bs midinsert\dots\bs endinsert&amp;Insert \dots here or as soon as practicable\cr
\+&amp;\tt\bs pageinsert\dots\bs endinsert&amp;Insert \dots to fill all of the next page\cr
\+&amp;\tt\bs llap&amp;Overwrite on the left---see page 82\cr
\+&amp;\tt\bs rlap&amp;Overwrite on the right---see page 82\cr
\+&amp;\tt\bs hyphenation&amp;Indicates allowable hyphenation---see page 28\cr
\mn
\item{(viii)} Special symbols, etc:\nb
\sn
\+&amp;\tt\bs TeX&amp;Produces \TeX\ in the current font\cr
\+&amp;\tt\bs dots&amp;Produces an ellipsis \dots\cr
\+&amp;\tt\bs dag&amp;Produces \dag\cr
\+&amp;\tt\bs ddag&amp;Produces \ddag\cr
%\+&amp;\tt\bs bull&amp;Produces \bull\cr
%\+&amp;\tt\bs bullet&amp;Produces \bullet\cr
\+&amp;\tt\bs copyright&amp;Produces \copyright\cr
\+&amp;\tt\bs S&amp;Produces \S\cr
\+&amp;\tt\bs P&amp;Produces \P\cr
\+&amp;\tt\lb\bs it\bs\dol\rb&amp;Produces {\it\$}\cr
\+&amp;\tt\lb\bs it\bs\char"26\rb&amp;Produces {\it\&amp;}\cr
\+&amp;\tt-&amp;Produces - (a hyphen), as in note-book\cr
\+&amp;\tt--&amp;Produces -- (an en-dash), as in pages 5--12\cr
\+&amp;\tt---&amp;Produces --- (an em-dash), ie. an ordinary dash used in punctuation\cr

\+&amp;\tt\dol-\dol&amp;Produces $-$ (a minus sign)\cr
\+&amp;\tt``&amp;Produces ``\cr
\+&amp;\tt''&amp;Produces ''\cr
\+&amp;\tt\bs vrule&amp;See page 221\cr
\+&amp;\tt\bs hrule&amp;See page 221\cr
\mn
\item{(ix)} Accents and some foreign letters:\nb
\sn \def\q{\quad}
\indent See page 52---the possibilities are:\q\`a\q\'e\q\^o\q\"u\q\=y\q\~n\q\.p\
q\u\i\q\v s\q\H\j\q
\t\i u\q\b k\q\c c\q\d h\q\ae\q\OE\q\aa\q\AA\q\ss\q\o\q\O
%
% Additions.  Rama.
%
\vfil\eject
\rm
\item{(x)} Additions for Hebrew typesetting:\nb
\sn
\def\undertext#1{$\underline{\hbox{#1}}$}
\+&amp;\tt\bs sethebrew&amp;Enter hebrew mode\cr
\+&amp;\tt\bs unsethebrew&amp;Go out of Hebrew mode\cr
\+&amp;\tt\bs hebrewpar&amp;Starting one hebrew paragraph with indentation\cr
\+&amp;\tt\bs hebrewlines&amp;Starting one hebrew paragraph without indentation\cr
\+&amp;\cr
\+&amp;\tt\bs L\lb\dots string\dots \rb&amp;English string within a Hebrew environment\cr
\+&amp;\tt\bs R\lb\dots{\Jer zixciq}\dots\rb &amp;Hebrew string within an English environment\cr
\+&amp;\cr
\+&amp;\tt\lb\dots\rb{\Jer ybcd}\tt\bs \ or \tt\bs hadgesh\lb\dots\rb&amp;Making bold letters - Poor man's bold --- see page 386\cr
\+&amp;\cr
\+&amp;{\Jer lecbswn}\tt\bs \ or \tt\bs makafgadol&amp;Like the regular -\thinspace -  producing --~, which doesn't work in Hebrew\cr
\+&amp;{\Jer wprswn}\tt\bs \ or \tt\bs makafanak&amp;Like the regular -\thinspace -\thinspace -  producing ---~, which doesn't work in Hebrew\cr
\+&amp;\cr
\+&amp;{\Jer yxb}\tt\bs \ or \tt\bs geresh&amp;Like the regular `~, which doesn't work in Hebrew\cr
\+&amp;{\Jer yxbgzt}\tt\bs \ or \tt\bs opengeresh&amp;\char39\cr
\+&amp;{\Jer yxbxebq}\tt\bs \ or \tt\bs closegeresh&amp;`\cr
\+&amp;{\Jer hehivgzt}\tt\bs \ or \tt\bs openquote&amp;Like the regular '', which doesn't work in Hebrew\cr
\+&amp;{\Jer hehivxebq}\tt\bs \ or \tt\bs closequote&amp;Like the regular ``, which doesn't work in Hebrew\cr
\+&amp;\cr
\+&amp;{\Jer dwqit}\tt\bs \ or \tt\bs piska&amp;Like the regular \tt\bs item, \rm  modified for Hebrew\cr
\+&amp;{\Jer dwqitdwqit}\tt\bs \ or\  \tt\bs piskapiska&amp;Like the regular \tt\bs itemitem, \rm modified for Hebrew\cr
\+&amp;\cr
\+&amp;{\Jer meid}\tt\bs \ or \tt\bs hebday&amp;Today's regular date in Hebrew\cr
\+&amp;\tt\bs Hebrewtoday&amp;Hebrew date in Hebrew\cr
\+&amp;\tt\bs Hebrewdate&amp;Converting a Georgian date to an  Hebrew\cr
\+&amp;\cr
\+&amp;{\Jer dlecbdvitw}\tt\bs &amp;Like the regular \tt\bs bigskip\cr
\+&amp;{\Jer zipepiadvitw}\tt\bs &amp;Like the regular \tt\bs medskip\cr
\+&amp;{\Jer dphwdvitw}\tt\bs &amp;Like the regular \tt\bs smallskip\cr
\+&amp;\cr
\+&amp;{\Jer oinidxey}\tt\bs &amp;Like the regular \tt\bs rightline\cr
\+&amp;{\Jer l`nydxey}\tt\bs &amp;Like the regular \tt\bs leftline\cr
\+&amp;{\Jer fkxn}\tt\bs &amp;Like the regular \tt\bs centerline\cr
\+&amp;\cr
\+&amp;\tt\bs undertext\lb text \Jer hqwh\rb&amp;Produces \undertext{text \Jer hqwh}\cr
%
% End additions.  Rama.
%
\vfil\eject
\leftline{\sc B.~~Mathematics mode}
\mn
\item{(i)} Fonts:
\sn
\settabs\+\indent&amp;\tt\hskip5.5truecm&amp;\cr
\+&amp;\tt\bs mit&amp;Switch to computer modern maths italics ({\tt cmmi10})---the default font for most variable names\cr
\+&amp;\tt\bs bmit&amp;Switch to computer modern bold maths italics ({\tt cmmib10})\cr
\+&amp;\tt\bs rm&amp;Switch to computer modern roman---the default font for uppercase Greek letters\cr
\+&amp;\tt\bs it&amp;Switch to computer modern italics ({\tt cmti10})\cr
\+&amp;\tt\bs bf&amp;Switch to computer modern bold roman ({\tt cmb10})\cr
\+&amp;\tt\bs cal&amp;For uppercase letters in $\cal CALLIGRAPHIC$ style ({\tt cmsy10})\cr
\+&amp;\tt\bs displaystyle&amp;Force display style---see page 140\cr
\+&amp;\tt\bs textstyle&amp;Force text style---see page 140\cr
\+&amp;\tt\bs scriptstyle&amp;Force subscript/superscript size\cr
\+&amp;\tt\bs scriptscriptstyle&amp;Force subsubscript/supersuperscript size\cr
\mn
\item{(ii)} Horizontal spacing:
\sn
\+&amp;\tt\bs\char"20&amp;Insert a standard between-word space\cr
\+&amp;\tt\bs quad&amp;Produces a 1.0$\,$em space---this\quad much\cr
\+&amp;\tt\bs qquad&amp;Two `quads'---this\qquad much\cr
\+&amp;\tt\bs hskip2mm&amp;Produces a 2$\,$mm horizontal space\cr
\+&amp;\tt\bs ,&amp;Produces a thinspace---this$\,$much (1/6 of a `quad')\cr
\+&amp;\tt\bs &gt;&amp;Produces a medium space---this$\&gt;$much (2/9 of a 'quad')\cr
\+&amp;\tt\bs ;&amp;Produces a thick space---this$\;$much (5/18 of a `quad')\cr
\+&amp;\tt\bs !&amp;Produces a negative thin space---this$\!$much ($-1/6$ of a `quad')\cr
\+&amp;\tt\bs mskip9mu&amp;Insert 9$\,$mu of space ($18\,{\rm mu}=1.0\,{\rm em}\approx10
\,{\rm pt}$)\cr
\+&amp;\tt\bs mathsurround=1pt&amp;Insert an additional 1$\,$pt of space before and after every formula\cr
\mn
\item{(iii)} Vertical spacing
\sn
\+&amp;\tt\bs openup1\bs jot&amp;Insert an extra 1$\,$jot ($=3\,$pt) of vertical space between displayed lines---see page 194\cr
\+&amp;\tt\bs abovedisplayskip&amp;Controls the amount of space above displayed maths---see page 189\cr
\+&amp;\tt\bs belowdisplayskip&amp;Controls the amount of space below displayed maths---see page 189\cr
\mn
\item{(iv)} Greek letters---page 434
\sn
\halign{\indent\hfil#&amp;&amp;$#$&amp;\enskip\tt\bs #\hskip1truecm\hfil\cr
&amp;\alpha&amp;alpha&amp;\zeta&amp;zeta&amp;\lambda&amp;lambda&amp;\varpi\phantom{\varpi}&amp;varpi&amp;\upsilon&amp;upsilon\cr
&amp;\beta&amp;beta&amp;\eta&amp;eta&amp;\mu&amp;mu&amp;\rho&amp;rho&amp;\phi&amp;phi\cr
&amp;\gamma&amp;gamma&amp;\theta&amp;theta&amp;\nu&amp;nu&amp;\varrho&amp;varrho&amp;\varphi&amp;varphi\cr
&amp;\delta&amp;delta&amp;\vartheta&amp;vartheta&amp;\xi&amp;xi&amp;\sigma&amp;sigma&amp;\chi&amp;chi\cr
&amp;\epsilon&amp;epsilon&amp;\iota&amp;iota&amp;o&amp;\omit\q\tt o&amp;\varsigma&amp;varsigma&amp;\psi&amp;psi\cr
&amp;\varepsilon&amp;varepsilon&amp;\kappa&amp;kappa&amp;\pi&amp;pi&amp;\tau&amp;tau&amp;\omega&amp;omega\cr
\noalign{\vskip2\baselineskip}
&amp;\Gamma&amp;Gamma&amp;\Lambda&amp;Lambda&amp;\Pi&amp;Pi&amp;\Upsilon&amp;Upsilon&amp;\Psi&amp;Psi\cr
&amp;\Delta&amp;Delta&amp;\Xi&amp;Xi&amp;\Sigma&amp;Sigma&amp;\Phi&amp;Phi&amp;\Omega&amp;Omega\cr
&amp;\Theta&amp;Theta&amp;&amp;\omit&amp;&amp;\omit&amp;&amp;\omit&amp;\cr
\noalign{\medskip\item{(v)} Relations\smallskip}
&amp;\le&amp;le&amp;\vdash&amp;vdash&amp;\ni&amp;ni&amp;\sim&amp;sim&amp;\propto&amp;propto\cr
&amp;\ll&amp;ll&amp;\ge&amp;ge&amp;\dashv&amp;dashv&amp;\simeq&amp;simeq&amp;\models&amp;models\cr
&amp;\subset&amp;subset&amp;\gg&amp;gg&amp;\mid&amp;mid&amp;\asymp&amp;asymp&amp;\doteq&amp;doteq\cr
&amp;\subseteq&amp;subseteq&amp;\supset&amp;supset&amp;\parallel&amp;parallel&amp;\approx&amp;approx&amp;\perp&amp;perp\cr
&amp;\in&amp;in&amp;\supseteq&amp;supseteq&amp;\equiv&amp;equiv&amp;\cong&amp;cong&amp;\ne&amp;ne\cr
\noalign{{\it plus others}---see page 436}
\noalign{Many can be negated by prefixing with {\tt\bs not}
(eg. {\tt\bs not\bs le} yields $\not\le$)}
\noalign{\medskip\item{(vi)} Binary operations\smallskip}
&amp;\pm&amp;pm&amp;\cdot&amp;cdot&amp;\star&amp;star&amp;\bullet&amp;bullet&amp;\cup&amp;cup\cr
&amp;\mp&amp;mp&amp;\times&amp;times&amp;\diamond&amp;diamond&amp;\div&amp;div&amp;\vee&amp;vee {\rm or} \bs lor\cr
&amp;\setminus&amp;setminus&amp;\ast&amp;ast&amp;\circ&amp;circ&amp;\cap&amp;cap&amp;\wedge&amp;wedge {\rm or} \bs land\cr
\noalign{{\it plus others}---see page 436}
\noalign{\medskip\item{(vii)} Arrows\smallskip}
&amp;\leftarrow&amp;leftarrow {\rm or} \bs gets&amp;\rightarrow&amp;rightarrow {\rm or} \bs to&amp;\leftrightarrow&amp;leftrightarrow%
&amp;\uparrow&amp;uparrow&amp;\updownarrow&amp;updownarrow\cr
&amp;\Leftarrow&amp;Leftarrow&amp;\Rightarrow&amp;Rightarrow&amp;\Leftrightarrow&amp;Leftrightarrow&amp;\Uparrow&amp;Uparrow%
     &amp;\Updownarrow&amp;Updownarrow\cr
&amp;\longleftarrow&amp;longleftarrow&amp;\longrightarrow&amp;longrightarrow&amp;\longleftrightarrow
&amp;longleftrightarrow%
     &amp;\downarrow&amp;downarrow&amp;\mapsto&amp;mapsto\cr
&amp;\Longleftarrow&amp;Longleftarrow&amp;\Longrightarrow&amp;Longrightarrow&amp;\Longleftrightarrow
&amp;Longleftrightarrow%
     &amp;\Downarrow&amp;Downarrow&amp;\longmapsto&amp;longmapsto\cr
\noalign{{\it plus others}---see page 437}
\noalign{\medskip\item{(viii)} Operators\smallskip}
&amp;\sum&amp;sum&amp;\prod&amp;prod&amp;\int&amp;int&amp;\bigcap&amp;bigcap&amp;\bigvee&amp;bigvee\cr
&amp;&amp;\omit&amp;\coprod&amp;coprod&amp;\oint&amp;oint&amp;\bigcup&amp;bigcup&amp;\bigwedge&amp;bigwedge\cr
\noalign{{\it plus others}---see page 435}
\noalign{\medskip\item{(ix)} Miscellaneous symbols\smallskip}
&amp;\aleph&amp;aleph&amp;\ell&amp;ell&amp;\infty&amp;infty&amp;\surd&amp;surd&amp;\backslash&amp;backslash\cr
&amp;\hbar&amp;hbar&amp;\Re&amp;Re&amp;'&amp;\omit\tt~\char"27\ {\rm or} \bs prime&amp;\|&amp;|&amp;\forall&amp;forall\cr
&amp;\imath&amp;imath&amp;\Im&amp;Im&amp;\emptyset&amp;emptyset&amp;\angle&amp;angle&amp;\exists&amp;exists\cr
&amp;\jmath&amp;jmath&amp;\partial&amp;partial&amp;\nabla&amp;nabla&amp;\triangle&amp;triangle&amp;\neg&amp;neg\cr
\noalign{{\it plus others}---see page 435}}
\vfil\eject
\item{(x)} Brackets, etc
\sn
\+&amp;\tt\bs\lb&amp;Produces $\{$\cr
\+&amp;\tt\bs\rb&amp;Produces $\}$\cr
\+&amp;\tt\bs langle&amp;Produces $\langle$\cr
\+&amp;\tt\bs rangle&amp;Produces $\rangle$\cr
\+&amp;\tt[\bs\ec[&amp;Produces $[\![$\cr
\+&amp;\tt(\bs\ec(&amp;Produces $(\!($\cr
\+&amp;\tt\bs langle\bs\ec\bs langle&amp;Produces $\langle\!\langle$\cr
\+&amp;\tt\bs lfloor&amp;Produces $\lfloor$\cr
\+&amp;\tt\bs rfloor&amp;Produces $\rfloor$\cr
\+&amp;\tt\bs lceil&amp;Produces $\lceil$\cr
\+&amp;\tt\bs rceil&amp;Produces $\rceil$\cr
\+&amp;\tt\bs left($\ \ldots\ $\bs right)&amp;Produces $(\ldots)$ with `$($' and `$)$' enlarged as appropriate\cr
\+&amp;\tt\bs big \bs Big \bs bigg \bs Bigg&amp;Enlarge the slash or backslash following
---see page 147\cr
\+&amp;\tt\bs bigl $\ldots$&amp;Enlarge the left bracket following---see page 147\cr
\+&amp;\tt\bs bigr $\ldots$&amp;Enlarge the right bracket following---see page 147\cr
\+&amp;\tt\bs bigm $\ldots$&amp;Enlarge the $|$ or $\|$ following---see page 147\cr
\mn
\item{(xi)} Standard functions---page 162
\smallskip
Common mathematical functions like `sin' are always set in roman type.\par
To ensure this in mathematics mode use the following control sequences:\par\enspace
\halign{\indent#&amp;&amp;\tt\bs #\hskip1truecm\hfil\cr
&amp;arccos&amp;cos&amp;csc&amp;exp&amp;ker&amp;limsup&amp;min&amp;sinh\cr
&amp;arcsin&amp;cosh&amp;deg&amp;gcd&amp;lg&amp;ln&amp;Pr&amp;sup\cr
&amp;arctan&amp;cot&amp;det&amp;hom&amp;lim&amp;log&amp;sec&amp;tan\cr
&amp;arg&amp;coth&amp;dim&amp;inf&amp;liminf&amp;max&amp;sin&amp;tanh\cr}
\smallskip
Subscripts and superscripts will become limits when attached to {\def\,{{\rm ,}}
\let\\=\bs%
\tt\\det\, \\gcd\, \\inf\, \\lim\, \\liminf\, \\limsup\,\par
\\max\, \\min\, \\Pr\, \\sup}
in display style~~(eg.~{\tt\dol\dol\bs max\sb\lb 1\bs le n\bs le m\rb \bs log\sb
 2P\sb n\dol\dol}
produces $\displaystyle\max_{1\le n\le m}\log_2P_n$ as a displayed equation)
\mn
\item{(xii)} Accents
\smallskip
See page 135---the possibilities are:$\q\hat a\q\widehat{ab}\q\check a\q\tilde a
\q\widetilde{ab}\q\acute a\q
\grave a\q\dot a\q\ddot a\q\breve a\q\bar a\q\vec a\q$\qq(and others can be constructed)
\mn
\item{(xiii)} Local control for displayed mathematics
\sn
\+&amp;\tt\bs eqalign\lb\dots\rb&amp;Allows alignment of one or more equations over several lines---see page 190\cr
\+&amp;\tt\bs eqalignno\lb\dots\rb&amp;Allows alignment together with RHS equation numbering---see page  192\cr
\+&amp;\tt\bs leqalignno\lb\dots\rb&amp;Allows alignment together with LHS equation numbering---see page 192\cr
\+&amp;\tt\bs displaylines\lb\dots\rb&amp;Display equations over several lines as you want but without alignment---see page 194\cr
\+&amp;\tt\bs cases\lb\dots\rb&amp;Display an equation containing choices spanned by a brace---see page 175\cr
\mn       \lineskiplimit=2pt \lineskip=2pt
\item{(xiv)} Features
\sn
\+&amp;\tt x\sb 1\sp \lb-2\rb&amp;Produces $x_1^{-2}$\cr
\+&amp;\tt \lb x+y\bs over 2a\rb&amp;Produces $\displaystyle{x+y\over2a}$ ---see page 139\cr
\+&amp;\tt\bs sqrt\lb b-a\rb&amp;Produces $\sqrt{b-a}$\cr
\+&amp;\tt\bs matrix\bs pmatrix\bs bordermatrix&amp;Produce arrays---see page 176\cr
\+&amp;\tt\bs overbrace\lb x+y\rb&amp;Produces $\overbrace{x+y}$ ---see page 176\cr
\+&amp;\tt\bs underbrace\lb x+y\rb&amp;Produces $\underbrace{x+y}$ ---see page 176\cr
\+&amp;\tt\bs overline\lb x+y\rb&amp;Produces $\overline{x+y}$\cr
\+&amp;\tt\bs underline\lb x+y\rb&amp;Produces $\underline{x+y}$ \cr
\+&amp;\tt\bs root n+1\bs of\lb a+b\rb&amp;Produces $\root n+1\of{a+b}$\cr
\+&amp;\tt\lb n\bs choose k\rb&amp;Produces ${n\choose k}$\cr
\+&amp;\tt\bs bmod&amp;Inserts `mod' as a binary operation (eg.~{\tt\dol m\bs bmod n\dol} produces~~$m\bmod n$)\cr
\+&amp;\tt\bs pmod&amp;Inserts `mod' in parentheses (eg.~{\tt\dol m\bs pmod n\dol} produces~~$m\pmod n$)\cr
\+&amp;\tt\bs eqno&amp;Equation numbering on RHS---see page 187\cr
\+&amp;\tt\bs leqno&amp;Equation numbering on LHS---see page 187\cr
\+&amp;\tt\bs\char"2A&amp;Discretionary multiplication sign---see page 173\cr
\+&amp;\tt\bs allowbreak&amp;Line break within text mathematics permitted here---see page 174\cr
\vfil\eject
\leftline{\sc C.~~Allowable units of measurement}
\sn
{\def\\{\thinspace}
\settabs\+\indent&amp;\hskip2.3truecm&amp;\hskip2.8truecm&amp;\cr
\+&amp;\tt in&amp;inch&amp;(1\\in = 72.27\\pt)\cr
\+&amp;\tt cm&amp;centimetre&amp;(2.54\\cm = 1\\in,~ 1\\cm = 28.45\\pt)\cr
\+&amp;\tt mm&amp;millimetre&amp;(10\\mm = 1cm,~ 25.4\\mm = 1in,~ 1\\mm = 2.845\\pt)\cr
\+&amp;\tt pc&amp;pica&amp;(1\\pc = 12\\pt,~ 6.023\\pc = 1\\in,~ 2.371\\pc = 1\\cm)\cr
\+&amp;\tt cc&amp;cicero&amp;(1\\cc = 12\\dd,~ 1\\cc = 12.84\\pt,~ 5.628\\cc = 1\\in,~ 2.216
\\cc = 1\\cm)\cr
\+&amp;\tt dd&amp;did\^ot point&amp;(1157\\dd = 1238\\pt,~ 67.54\\dd = 1\\in,~ 26.59\\dd = 1
\\cm)\cr
\+&amp;\tt bp&amp;big point&amp;(72\\bp =  1\\in,~ 28.35\\bp = 1\\cm)\cr
\+&amp;\tt pt&amp;point&amp;(1\\pt = 0.01384\\in,~ 1\\pt = 0.03515\\cm)\cr
\+&amp;\tt sp&amp;scaled point&amp;(65536\\sp = 1\\pt,~ 4736287\\sp= 1\\in,~ 1864690\\sp = 1
\\cm)\cr}
\bn\mn
\leftline{{\sc D.~~Macros}---page 199}
\bigskip
\settabs\+\indent&amp;\hskip5.1truecm&amp;\cr
\+&amp;\tt\bs def\bs nl\lb\bs hfil\bs break\rb&amp;{\tt\bs nl} will now be interpreted as {\tt\bs hfil\bs break},
ie.~start a new line\cr
\+&amp;\tt\bs def\bs(\lb\bs left(\rb&amp;{\tt\bs(} will now be interpreted as {\tt\bs left(}\cr
\+&amp;\tt\bs def\bs der\hash1\lb\lb d\hash1\bs over dx\rb\rb&amp;{\tt\bs der y} will now be interpreted
as {\tt\lb dy\bs over dx\rb} and produce ${dy\over dx}$ in maths mode\cr
\+&amp;\tt\bs input macros&amp;Reads in the file {\tt macros.tex} from the current directory or {\tt \bs inputs} directory\cr
\+&amp;{\it Note\/}:~~A definition nested inside braces, or within {\tt\dol} symbols, does not apply
outside those braces or outside that mathematics.\cr
\bn\mn
\leftline{\sc E.~~Some Defaults of Plain \TeX}
\bigskip
\settabs\+\indent&amp;\hskip7truecm&amp;\cr
\+&amp;\tt\bs hsize = 16.51cm (6.5in)&amp;\tt\bs vsize = 22.61cm (8.9in)\cr
\+&amp;\tt\bs hoffset = 0pt&amp;\tt\bs voffset = 0pt\cr
\+&amp;\tt\bs parindent = 20pt (7.0mm)&amp;\tt\bs parskip = 0pt plus 1pt\cr
\+&amp;\tt\bs baselineskip = 12pt (4.2mm)&amp;\tt\bs topskip = 10pt\cr
\+&amp;\tt\bs pageno = 1&amp;\tt\bs tolerance = 200\cr
\bye


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